Introduction to LINUX
Linux overview
- In recent years Linux has become a phenomenon. Various organizations that have adopted it, including some government departments and city administrations.
- Major hardware vendors like IBM and Dell now support Linux, and major software vendors like Oracle support their software running on Linux.
- Linux truly has become a viable operating system, especially in the server market.
What Is Linux?
1. Linux is a freely
distributed implementation of a UNIX-like kernel, the low-level core of an
operating system.
2. Because Linux takes the UNIX system as its inspiration, Linux and UNIX programs are very similar. In fact, almost all programs written for UNIX can be compiled and run on Linux.
3. Some commercial applications sold for commercial versions of UNIX can run unchanged in binary form on Linux systems.
Linux History :
4. Linux was developed by Linus Torvalds at the University of Helsinki, with the help of UNIX programmers from across the Internet.
5. It began as a hobby of Linus Torvalds who was inspired by Andy Tanenbaum’s Minix, a small UNIX like system, but has grown to become a complete system in its own right.
6. The Linux was having copyright but it can be freely distributed.
7. Versions of Linux are now available for a wide variety of computer systems
2. Because Linux takes the UNIX system as its inspiration, Linux and UNIX programs are very similar. In fact, almost all programs written for UNIX can be compiled and run on Linux.
3. Some commercial applications sold for commercial versions of UNIX can run unchanged in binary form on Linux systems.
Linux History :
4. Linux was developed by Linus Torvalds at the University of Helsinki, with the help of UNIX programmers from across the Internet.
5. It began as a hobby of Linus Torvalds who was inspired by Andy Tanenbaum’s Minix, a small UNIX like system, but has grown to become a complete system in its own right.
6. The Linux was having copyright but it can be freely distributed.
7. Versions of Linux are now available for a wide variety of computer systems
using many different types of CPUs.
8. Even some handheld PDAs and Sony’s Playstations 2 and 3 run on Linux. If it’s got a processor, someone somewhere is trying to get Linux running on it.
8. Even some handheld PDAs and Sony’s Playstations 2 and 3 run on Linux. If it’s got a processor, someone somewhere is trying to get Linux running on it.
Linux Distributions
- Linux is actually just a kernel. You can obtain the sources for the kernel to compile and install it on a machine and then obtain and install many other freely distributed software programs to make a complete Linux installation.
- These installations are usually referred to as Linux systems, because they consist of much more than just the kernel. Most of the utilities come from the GNU Project of the Free Software Foundation.
The GNU Project and Free Software Foundation
1.
Linux owes its existence to the cooperative efforts of a large number of
people. The operating system kernel itself forms only a small part of a usable
development system.
2. Commercial UNIX systems traditionally come bundled with applications that provide system services and tools. but for Linux systems, these additional programs have been written by many different programmers and have been freely contributed.
3. The Linux community (together with others) supports the concept of free software, that is, software that is free from restrictions, subject to the GNU General Public License (the name GNU stands for the recursive GNU’s Not Unix).
4. Although there may be a cost involved in obtaining the software, it can thereafter be used in any way desired and is usually distributed in source form.
5. The Free Software Foundation was set up by Richard Stallman, the author of GNU Emacs, one of the best-known text editors for UNIX and other systems.
6. Stallman is a pioneer of the free software concept and started the GNU Project, an attempt to create an operating system and development environment that would be compatible with UNIX.
7. The GNU Project has already provided the software community with many applications that closely mimic those found on UNIX systems under the license of GNU.
8. A few major examples of software from the GNU Project distributed under the GPL such as GCC (compiler), GDB: A source code–level debugger etc.
9. Many other packages have been developed and released using free software principles and the GPL, including spreadsheets, source code control tools, compilers and interpreters, Internet tools, graphical image manipulation tools such as the Gimp, and two complete object-based environments: GNOME and KDE.
10. There is now so much free software available that with the addition of the Linux kernel it could be said that the goal of a creating GNU, a free UNIX-like system, has been achieved with Linux.
2. Commercial UNIX systems traditionally come bundled with applications that provide system services and tools. but for Linux systems, these additional programs have been written by many different programmers and have been freely contributed.
3. The Linux community (together with others) supports the concept of free software, that is, software that is free from restrictions, subject to the GNU General Public License (the name GNU stands for the recursive GNU’s Not Unix).
4. Although there may be a cost involved in obtaining the software, it can thereafter be used in any way desired and is usually distributed in source form.
5. The Free Software Foundation was set up by Richard Stallman, the author of GNU Emacs, one of the best-known text editors for UNIX and other systems.
6. Stallman is a pioneer of the free software concept and started the GNU Project, an attempt to create an operating system and development environment that would be compatible with UNIX.
7. The GNU Project has already provided the software community with many applications that closely mimic those found on UNIX systems under the license of GNU.
8. A few major examples of software from the GNU Project distributed under the GPL such as GCC (compiler), GDB: A source code–level debugger etc.
9. Many other packages have been developed and released using free software principles and the GPL, including spreadsheets, source code control tools, compilers and interpreters, Internet tools, graphical image manipulation tools such as the Gimp, and two complete object-based environments: GNOME and KDE.
10. There is now so much free software available that with the addition of the Linux kernel it could be said that the goal of a creating GNU, a free UNIX-like system, has been achieved with Linux.
The Linux System Administrator
1.
LINUX is a multiuser, multitasking operating system from the ground up, and
hence the system administrator has flexibility and responsibility far beyond
those of other operating systems.
2. New tools : Administrating System is sophisticated task hence system administrator should be acquainted with new tools in order to manage System.
3. Make no mistake: Every System Administrator decides which Application Software’s and Peripherals Machine should have. If a user decide to have a particular application then we can say that user has taken mantle of System Administrator.
4. Precaution from Virus Attacks : When System is connected with internet there is prone of virus attacks, attacks can be Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) or e-mail macro virus etc.
5. Understand Control of Linux : The Linux system administrator is more likely to understand the necessity of active system administration than are those who run whatever came on the computer, assuming that things came from the factory properly configured.
6. Definition :- Linux system administrator :- Linux system administrator is the person who has “root” access, which is to say the one who is the system’s “super user.”
7. A standard Linux user is limited as to the things he or she can do with the underlying engine of the system.
8. But the “root” user has unfettered(open) access to everything i.e. all user accounts, their home directories, and the files which are present in, all system configurations and all files on the system.
2. New tools : Administrating System is sophisticated task hence system administrator should be acquainted with new tools in order to manage System.
3. Make no mistake: Every System Administrator decides which Application Software’s and Peripherals Machine should have. If a user decide to have a particular application then we can say that user has taken mantle of System Administrator.
4. Precaution from Virus Attacks : When System is connected with internet there is prone of virus attacks, attacks can be Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) or e-mail macro virus etc.
5. Understand Control of Linux : The Linux system administrator is more likely to understand the necessity of active system administration than are those who run whatever came on the computer, assuming that things came from the factory properly configured.
6. Definition :- Linux system administrator :- Linux system administrator is the person who has “root” access, which is to say the one who is the system’s “super user.”
7. A standard Linux user is limited as to the things he or she can do with the underlying engine of the system.
8. But the “root” user has unfettered(open) access to everything i.e. all user accounts, their home directories, and the files which are present in, all system configurations and all files on the system.
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